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This book features 20 essays that explore how Latin medieval
philosophers and theologians from Anselm to Buridan conceived of
habitus, as well as detailed studies of the use of the concept by
Augustine and of the reception of the medieval doctrines of habitus
in Suarez and Descartes. Habitus are defined as stable dispositions
to act or think in a certain way. This definition was passed down
to the medieval thinkers from Aristotle and, to a lesser extent,
Augustine, and played a key role in many of the philosophical and
theological developments of the time. Written by leading experts in
medieval and modern philosophy, the book offers a historical
overview that examines the topic in light of recent advances in
medieval cognitive psychology and medieval moral theory. Coverage
includes such topics as the metaphysics of the soul, the definition
of virtue and vice, and the epistemology of self-knowledge. The
book also contains an introduction that is the first attempt at a
comprehensive survey of the nature and function of habitus in
medieval thought. The material will appeal to a wide audience of
historians of philosophy and contemporary philosophers. It is
relevant as much to the historian of ancient philosophy who wants
to track the historical reception of Aristotelian ideas as it is to
historians of modern philosophy who would like to study the
progressive disappearance of the term "habitus" in the early modern
period and the concepts that were substituted for it. In addition,
the volume will also be of interest to contemporary philosophers
open to historical perspectives in order to renew current trends in
cognitive psychology, virtue epistemology, and virtue ethics.
Recent research has challenged our view of the Abrahamic religious
traditions as unilaterally intolerant and incapable of recognizing
otherness in all its diversity and richness; but a diachronic and
comparative study of how these traditions deal with otherness is
yet to appear. This volume aims to contribute to such a study by
presenting different treatments of otherness in medieval and early
modern thought. Part I: Altruism deals with attitudes and behaviors
that benefit others, regardless of its motives. We deal with the
social rights and emotions as well as the moral obligations that
the very existence of other human beings, whatever their
characteristics, creates for a community. Part II: Religious
recognition and toleration considers identity, toleration and
mutual recognition created by the existence of religious or ethnic
otherness in a given social, religious or political community. Part
III: Evil deals with religious otherness that is considered evil
and rejected such as heretics and malevolent, demonic entities. The
volume will ultimately inform the reader on the nature of religious
toleration (including beliefs and doctrines, even emotions) as well
as of the self-definition of religious communities when
encountering and defining otherness in different ways.
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